Complete Question
The complete question is shown on the first uploaded image
Answer:
a it is always zero
b 0
c 
Explanation:ss
Here the net charge is on the outer surface of the conductor thus this means that the net charge inside the conductor is zero
Generally the charge density of a conductor is dependent on the charge per unit area which implies that the charge density is dependent on the net charge so this means that the charge density inside the conductor is zero
Generally the direction of electric field this from the positive charge to the negative charge so from the question we can deduce that the negative charge is located on the surface of the conductor
So We can mathematically define the charge density on the surface of the electric field as
∮
Where E is the electric field
change in unit area
is the negative charge
is the permittivity of free space
So



Where
is the charge density
Answer:0.061
Explanation:
Given

Temperature of soup 
heat capacity of soup 
Here Temperature of soup is constantly decreasing
suppose T is the temperature of soup at any instant
efficiency is given by



integrating From
to 


![W=c_v\left [ T-T_C\ln T\right ]_{T_H}^{T_C}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=W%3Dc_v%5Cleft%20%5B%20T-T_C%5Cln%20T%5Cright%20%5D_%7BT_H%7D%5E%7BT_C%7D)
![W=c_v\left [ \left ( T_C-T_H\right )-T_C\left ( \ln \frac{T_C}{T_H}\right )\right ]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=W%3Dc_v%5Cleft%20%5B%20%5Cleft%20%28%20T_C-T_H%5Cright%20%29-T_C%5Cleft%20%28%20%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7BT_C%7D%7BT_H%7D%5Cright%20%29%5Cright%20%5D)
Now heat lost by soup is given by

Fraction of the total heat that is lost by the soup can be turned is given by

![=\frac{c_v\left [ \left ( T_C-T_H\right )-T_C\left ( \ln \frac{T_C}{T_H}\right )\right ]}{c_v(T_C-T_H)}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%3D%5Cfrac%7Bc_v%5Cleft%20%5B%20%5Cleft%20%28%20T_C-T_H%5Cright%20%29-T_C%5Cleft%20%28%20%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7BT_C%7D%7BT_H%7D%5Cright%20%29%5Cright%20%5D%7D%7Bc_v%28T_C-T_H%29%7D)




The final velocity (
) of the first astronaut will be greater than the <em>final velocity</em> of the second astronaut (
) to ensure that the total initial momentum of both astronauts is equal to the total final momentum of both astronauts <em>after throwing the ball</em>.
The given parameters;
- Mass of the first astronaut, = m₁
- Mass of the second astronaut, = m₂
- Initial velocity of the first astronaut, = v₁
- Initial velocity of the second astronaut, = v₂ > v₁
- Mass of the ball, = m
- Speed of the ball, = u
- Final velocity of the first astronaut, =

- Final velocity of the second astronaut, =

The final velocity of the first astronaut relative to the second astronaut after throwing the ball is determined by applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

if v₂ > v₁, then
, to conserve the linear momentum.
Thus, the final velocity (
) of the first astronaut will be greater than the <em>final velocity</em> of the second astronaut (
) to ensure that the total initial momentum of both astronauts is equal to the total final momentum of both astronauts after throwing the ball.
Learn more here: brainly.com/question/24424291
Answer:
2452.79432 m/s
Explanation:
m = Mass of ice
= Latent heat of steam
= Specific heat of water
= Latent heat of ice
v = Velocity of ice
= Change in temperature
Amount of heat required for steam

Heat released from water at 100 °C

Heat released from water at 0 °C

Total heat released is

The kinetic energy of the bullet will balance the heat

The velocity of the ice would be 2452.79432 m/s