Answer:
C) A low-density, cool gas in isolation creates a continuous spectrum.
Explanation:
Kirchhoff’s laws established that:
- A solid, liquid or dense incandescent gas emits a continuous spectrum.
- A hot and diffuse gas produces bright spectral lines (emission lines).
- A gas of lower temperature against a source of continuum spectrum, produces dark spectral lines (absorption lines) superposed in the continuum spectrum.
Stars are perfect examples for Kirchhoff’s laws. Since in the case of the stars, the photons that are received are not directly from the nucleus, but those that have traveled hundreds of thousands of years to reach the stellar atmosphere. Due to the stars are not at homogeneous temperature, density and pressure, but have gradients in different layers because of the nuclear reactions, superficial gravity or to its constant exchange of heat with its surroundings in an attempt to reach the thermodynamic equilibrium, the continuum observed in the stellar spectra comes from the inner layer of the photosphere, while absorption lines are formed in the outer layer of the photosphere and the stellar atmosphere. More accurately, a photon of the inner layer of the photosphere will be absorbed by an electron of an atom or ion that is in the outer layer, generating an electronic transition¹, the electron, upon returning to its base state will emit a photon or a series of photons that will not necessarily go in the same direction of the incident photon, creating an absorption line in the stellar spectrum.
On the other hand, in the case where the stars have surrounding material (diffuse gas), the atoms, molecules or ions in the medium are excited by the radiation that comes from the stellar atmosphere, thus producing an emission spectrum.
Key terms:
¹Electronic transition: When an electron passes from one energy level to another, either for the emission or absorption of a photon.
Bacteria get rid of waste through their semi-permeable membrane by diffusion. The waste is pushed out of the organism in the form of liquid or gas. The waste released by bacteria is usually toxic and is what makes people sick.
Answer:
Resultant horizontal force = 143 N
Explanation:
Since the a gle is 30° northwest, then it means the resultant force will be horizontal and as such;
Resultant horizontal force = 165 * cos 30
Resultant horizontal force = 142.89
Approximating to a whole number gives;
Resultant horizontal force = 143 N
Answer:
The total displacement from the starting point is 1.5 m.
Explanation:
You need to sum and substract, depending on the movement (to the right, sum; to the left, substract).
First, it moves 4.3 m right and return 1.1 m. So the new distance from the starting point is 3.2 m.
Second, it moves 6.3 m right, so the new distance is 9.5 m.
Finally it moves 8 m to the left, so 9.5 m - 8 m= 1.5 m.
Summarizing, at the end the squirrel is 1.5 m from its starting point.
