Just isolate y! Since the slope-point formula is y = mx + b, looking at your m determines if it's negative or positive! You can always graph the equation to check, but it's usually easier to look at the formula.
Answer:
(4,1)
Step-by-step explanation:
The rule for reflecting over the X axis is to switch the value of the y-coordinate of each point, but leave the x-value the same
From the question we are told that:

Year 1= \$110
Year 2 = \$121
Risk free rate is 
Risk premium 

a)
Generally, the equation for Equity Return is mathematically given by



Therefore Present Value (PV) is

b)
Generally, the equation for certainty-equivalent cash flow is mathematically given by

Therefore
For Certainty-equivalent cash flow Year One


For Certainty-equivalent cash flow Year Two


c)
The Ratio of the certainty-equivalent cash flows to the expected cash flows in years 1 and 2 could be written as

or
