When an indicator changes colour during titration it is a sign that the end point [equivalence point] has been reached. The equivalence point of a neutralization reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of acid and base have reacted together. At this point, the moles of acid is equivalent to the moles of base. Indicators are usually used to identify the equivalent point.
In addition, carbonated beverages may serve as an acid load and thus may raise gastric acid volume, leading to increased likelihood of gastro‐oesophageal reflux. Two studies have demonstrated that carbonated beverages can reduce the oesophageal pH < 4 and potentially cause GERD‐related symptoms.
