Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis is named after the two scientists; <span>Russian scientist Aleksandr Oparin and English scientist J. B. S. Haldane. The two scientists separately hypothesized that life began when some inorganic molecules were converted into organic molecules specifically amino acids by the help of energy came from a lightning struck.</span>
Genetically modified bacteria (recombinant bacteria) with the human gene for insulin is useful because after it’s being put in fermentation tank it starts to produce human insulin protein. The process of making recombinant bacteria includes DNA cloning.
A target gene, in this case, insulin gene, is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid via restriction enzymes and DNA ligases. Recombinant DNA is then introduced into bacteria via a process called transformation. With the right conditions the bacteria that contains the human insulin gene, will start transcribing the gene and translating the mRNA to produce many molecules of human insulin protein.
The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick.
The currently accepted value for the half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. This means that after 5,730 years, only half of the initial 14C will remain; a quarter will remain after 11,460 years; an eighth after 17,190 years; and so on.
1: microevolution
2:macro evolution
