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Electrons are trapped inside the atom because of the attraction forces with positively charged protons that are found in the nucleus.
Barium nitrate and methane (CH4) are both soluble. They both will dissolve in water, however, barium nitrate will dissociate becoming barium 2+ ions and nitrate becoming NO3 1- ions. All nitrates are soluble and dissociate. CH4 is a weak base and does dissolves but doesn't dissociate. So in solubility terms.... they are both equally soluble just one happens to dissociate into its cations and anions. Hope this helps!
The number of protons, neutrons and electrons an atom has determines what element it is. Hydrogen, for example, has one proton, no neutrons and one electron; the element sulfur has 16 protons, 16 neutrons and 16 electrons.