Answer:
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The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis is to stop the cilia of epithelial cells from beating.
<em>Bordetella pertussis</em> is a pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria. It is the causative agent of highly communicable respiratory disease known as pertussis or whooping cough.
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis:
- This bacterium colonizes the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory airways of the host.
- A surface protein on the bacteria called filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin binds to sulfatides on the cilia of epithelial cells. When the bacterium is anchored, it releases tracheal cytotoxin, which prevents the cilia from beating.
- As a result, the cilia in an organism's lungs are unable to sweep out foreign material, and the body reacts by causing the host to cough. When people cough, bacteria are released into the air, where they might spread to other hosts.
- Another toxin called the pertussis toxin, often known as PTx, prevents adenylate cyclase from using ATP to convert to cyclic AMP. This results in over-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which may interfere with cellular signaling systems. As a result, phagocytes are unable to respond to an infection effectively.
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Incomplete dominance is a phenomenon in genetic inheritance that occurs when the two alleles of a gene seem equally effective in their influence on a trait. It is a form of Intermediate dominance in which one allele for a specific trait does not completely mask the expression of its paired allele, as opposed to Mendel's law of dominance. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype different from the parent phenotypes but a combination of both.
In incomplete dominance, the intermediate/resulting phenotype is the heterozygous genotype.
Gregor Mendel discovered this concept of incomplete dominance in the flower of four o'clock plants when he crossed a purebred (homozygous) red-flowered (RR) with a purebred (homozygous) white-flowered plant (rr) to get F1 offsprings that are all heterozygous but have pink flowers (Rr). He later self-fertilized the F1 offsprings to produce a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1 consisting of 1 red, 2 pinks, 1 white flower respectively.
This showed that the allele for red flower (R) is incompletely dominant over the allele for white flower (r), hence, producing an offspring with a different trait that arose from the blending of the two phenotypes.
Incomplete dominance is similar but different from co-dominance in the sense that, in co-dominance, both alleles/traits are expressed completely in the new phenotype produced while in incomplete dominance, the new phenotype is just a blending of the two phenotypes.
The best and most correct answer among the choices provided by your question is the first choice or letter A.
Agriculture causes water pollution when fertilizers and pesticides flow into lakes and rivers is the best example of a way human lifestyles affect environmental systems.
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