Most likely decreased birth rate and increased emigration.
This is a chemical change because there is a new substance that was created and the new chemical can cause other chemical reaction to happen compared to the 1st state of chemical that was in the cave. Because the cave water was exposed to another environment, the calcium bicarbonate, which is also known as salt. When the cave's groundwater was exposed to a different environment the atom in the cave water rearranged and crystallized.
1 mole ------------- 6.02x10²³ atoms
4.93 moles ------- ??
4.93 x ( 6.02x10²³) / 1 =
=> 2.96x10²⁴ atoms
Since metals are malleable they are able to be bent and shaped.