Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
<span>I’ve answered this
question before so if these are the choices to the question presented:
An oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, with a hydrogen atom
single-bonded to the same carbon atom. </span><span>
<span>A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom, which is
covalently bonded to a carbon in the carbon chain. </span>
<span>A carbon atom single-bonded between two other carbon atoms,
with an oxygen atom double-bonded to the central carbon atom as well. </span>
<span>An oxygen atom single-bonded between two carbon atoms within
a carbon chain.
Then, the answer would be “a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom,
which is covalently bonded to a carbon in the carbon chain.<span>”</span></span></span>
<span>all of the above can be saturated molecules </span>
<span>Raising
the temperature of the reactants increases the reaction between the reactants.
The kinetic energy of the molecules of the reactants collides more frequently
with ach other thereby increasing its reaction. Increasing the concentration of
the reactants increases the reaction rate. Adding a catalyst to the reaction
increases the rate of reaction of a substance. The catalyst hastens the
chemical reaction. </span>
Answer:
Molar mass of solute: 300g/mol
Explanation:
<em>Vapor pressure of pure benzene: 0.930 atm</em>
<em>Assuming you dissolve 10.0 g of the non-volatile solute in 78.11g of benzene and vapour pressure of solution was found to be 0.900atm</em>
<em />
It is possible to answer this question based on Raoult's law that states vapor pressure of an ideal solution is equal to mole fraction of the solvent multiplied to pressure of pure solvent:
Moles in 78.11g of benzene are:
78.11g benzene × (1mol / 78.11g) = <em>1 mol benzene</em>
Now, mole fraction replacing in Raoult's law is:
0.900atm / 0.930atm = <em>0.9677 = moles solvent / total moles</em>.
As mole of solvent is 1:
0.9677× total moles = 1 mole benzene.
Total moles:
1.033 total moles. Moles of solute are:
1.033 moles - 1.000 moles = <em>0.0333 moles</em>.
As molar mass is the mass of a substance in 1 mole. Molar mass of the solute is:
10.0g / 0.033moles = <em>300g/mol</em>
