It's called Throat. You can refer the figure attached.
A bonding molecular orbital is of lower energy (more stable) than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed.
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The range of a projectile motion is given by:
where, is the initial speed of the projectile,
is the angle of the projectile and
is the acceleration due to gravity.
The maximum height reached is given by:
Part a
It is given that the maximum height reached is equal to the horizontal range. we need to find the angle of the projectile.
Equating the two:
Hence, the projectile was thrown at an initial angle of .
Part b
we need to find the angle for which range would be maximum and then write this maximum range in terms of original range.
So, we know that range is given by:
It would be maximum when
Hence,
Original range,
Part c:
In the part a, we know that the angle of the projectile is independent of the i.e. the acceleration due to gravity and this is the only factor that varies with the different planets. Hence, the answer would remain same.