The efficiency of a heat engine is given by the expression 
The efficiency of a heat engine is the ratio of the work done by the engine to the heat given as the input to the engine.

The heat engine absorbs Q h from the hot reservoir , performs a work <em>W</em> on the absorbed heat and rejects Qc to the cold reservoir.
Therefore, the work done is given by,

Thus the efficiency is given by, 
Answer:
Population inversion, in physics, the redistribution of atomic energy levels that takes place in a system so that laser action can occur. Although absorption and emission of energy is a continuous process, the statistical distribution (population) of atoms in the various energy states is constant. ...
laser inversion is photon that can stimulate the production of other photons of exactly the same wavelength because of stimulated emission of radiation.
Explanation:
Answer:
b. Research projects for a specific cause
Explanation:
Research funded by private foundations are usually for a specific cause. These type of research are usually properly scrutinized, and must have a high probability of success. Most of these projects may not be to benefit the consumers, but are usually done with a special purpose in mind.
Answer:
the universe is expanding and will continue to expand
Explanation:
The Big Bang Theory is a theory that the universe started as an an infinitely hot and dense single point that inflated and stretched out.