Two factors determine whether a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas: The kinetic energies of the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that make up a substance. Kinetic energy tends to keep the particles moving apart. The attractive intermolecular forces between particles that tend to draw the particles together.
If this is about simple machines the answer is: Inclined plane
C. Negative force. The dog isn't going to learn that way.