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3 years ago

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The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light. What is the proper sequence for these steps? 1. Mem

brane sodium channels close. 2. Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP. 3. Retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form. 4. The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines. 5. Opsin activates transducin. 6. Opsin activation occurs.

1 answer:

RSB [31]3 years ago

3 0

Answer: 1, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3

Explanation:

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Answer:

The loss of initial Kinetic energy = 37.88 %

Explanation:

Given:

Rotational inertia of the turntable = $I_t$

Rotational inertia ( $I_r$ ) of the record = $0.61\times I_t$

According to the question:

<em>Frictional forces act to bring the record and turntable to a common angular speed.</em>

So,angular momentum will be conserved as it is an inelastic collision.

Considering the initial and final angular velocity of the turn table as $\omega _i\ ,\ \omega_f$ respectively.

Note :

Angular momentum $(L)$ = Product of moment of inertia $(I)$ and angular velocity $(\omega)$ .

Lets say,

⇒ initial angular momentum = final angular momentum

⇒ $L_i=L_f$

⇒ $(I_t)\times \omega_i = (I_t+I_r)\times \omega_f$

⇒ $\omega _f=\frac{I_t}{I_t+I_r} \times (\omega_i)$ ...equation (i)

Now we will find the ratio of the Kinetic energies.

⇒ $K_i=\frac{I_t\times \omega_i^2}{2}$ ⇒ $K_f=\frac{(I_r+I_t)\times \omega_f^2}{2}$

Their ratios:

⇒ $\frac{K_f}{K_i} =\frac{\frac{(I_t+I_r)\times \omega_f^2}{2} }{\frac{I_t\times \omega_i^2}{2} }$

⇒ $\frac{K_f}{K_i} = {\frac{(I_t+I_r)\times \omega_f^2}{2} } \times {\frac{2}{I_t\times \omega_i^2}}$

Plugging the values of $\omega _f^2$ as $\omega _f^2 =(\frac{I_t}{I_t+I_r} \times \omega_i\ )^2$ from equation (i) in the ratios of the Kinetic energies.

⇒ $\frac{K_f}{K_i} =\frac{(I_t+I_r)\times \frac{(I_t)^2}{(I_t+I_r)^2} \times \omega_i^2}{I_t\times \omega_i^2} =\frac{(I_t)^2}{(I_t+I_r)}\times \frac{1}{I_t}=\frac{I_t}{I_t+I_r}$

Now,

The Kinetic energy lost in fraction can be written as:

⇒ $\frac{K_f-K_i}{K_i}$

Now re-arranging the terms.

$\frac{K_f-K_i}{K_i} =(\frac{K_f}{K_i} -1)= \frac{I_t}{I_t+I_r} -1=\frac{I_t-I_t-I_r}{I_t+I_r} =\frac{-I_r}{(I_t+I_r)}$

Plugging the values of $I_r$ and $I_t$ .

⇒ $\frac{K_f}{K_i} = \frac{-0.61I_t}{0.61I_t+I_t} =\frac{-0.61}{1.61} =-0.3788$

To find the percentage we have to multiply it with $100$ and here negative means for loss of Kinetic energy.

⇒ $\frac{K_f}{K_i} = =-0.3788\times 100= 37.88$

So the percentage of the initial Kinetic energy lost is 37.88

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