Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
In these reactions the function of the acid is to produce a protonated alcohol. The halide ion then displaces a molecule of water (a good leaving group) from carbon; this produces an alkyl halide:
Again, acid is required. Although halide ions (particularly iodide and bromide ions) are strong nucleophiles, they are not strong enough to carry out substitution reactions with alcohols themselves. Direct displacement of the hydroxyl group does not occur because the leaving group would have to be a strongly basic hydroxide ion:
We can see now why the reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides are acid-promoted.
Carbocation rearrangements are extremely common in organic chemistry reactions are are defined as the movement of a carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state through the use of various structural reorganizational "shifts" within the molecule. Once the carbocation has shifted over to a different carbon, we can say that there is a structural isomer of the initial molecule. However, this phenomenon is not as simple as it sounds.
<em>-</em><em> </em><em>BRAINLIEST</em><em> answerer</em>
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The correct answer would be that<u> the group being given the sugar pill is being used as the control group.</u>
In a typical experimental study, there are two groups of subjects:
1. The treatment or the experimental group
2. The control group
<em>The treatment group receives the treatment variable while the control group does not receive or is given a placebo. Thus, the control group act as the reference group for comparison basis. Any difference in the observation between the two groups would be attributed to the treatment variable.</em>
The correct option is, therefore, A.
Answer:
To decrease the solubility of the organic product in water.
Explanation:
Methyl benzoate is prepared via <em>Fischer esterification </em>reaction between benzoic acid and methanol in the presence of a mineral acid. The following steps are involved:
- Benzoic acid is dissolved in methanol in a round bottom flask.
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is added and heated under reflux on a steam bath
- Reaction is poured into ice, reaction flask is rinsed with dichloromethane. Layers collected in a test tube.
- Dichloromethane layer is then washed with first sodium carbonate solution(this is done inorder to neutralize and remove the residual benzoic acid) and then with sodium chloride solution(to decrease the solubility of the organic product in water).
- Then Dichloromethane solution is dried over magnesium sulphate.
- Dichloromethane is removed via distillation on a steam bath.
- Collect distillate in a vial on a heating mantle.
Abiotic factors are non-living parts of an ecosystem so the answer is C. air temperature. Biotic facters are living things.