Answer:
Chemically altered nucleosides derived from canonical ribo-or deoxyribonucleoside-derivatives of adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine or thymidine are found in all types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. They are particularly abundant in noncoding RNAs, such as transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNA of higher organisms. By increasing the structural diversity of nucleic acids, modified nucleosides play important roles in gene expression and in regulating many aspects of RNA functions. They also contribute to nucleic acid stability and to protection of genetic materials against virus aggression. In this chapter we present a historical overview of the discovery, occurrence, and diversity of the many naturally occurring modified nucleosides that are present in both DNA and RNA of diverse organisms. We also briefly describe the different enzymes that accomplish these nucleic acid ‘decorations’. More information about the structure, function, biosynthesis and evolutionary aspects of selected modified nucleosides in DNA and RNA and their corresponding modification enzymes can be found elsewhere in this volume.
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Uterosacral ligament suspension and sacrospinous fixation.
Answer: Oxygen gets carried away on the red blood cells, and carbon dioxide is expelled into the air. The exchange of these two gases takes place without much fanfare when the body is at rest.
A rapid rate of breathing can occur normally after exercise. In addition, panic states and high altitude climbs can also raise the respiratory rate. When these conditions occur, individuals may have a variety of symptoms related to pH changes in their bodies caused by the hyperventilation
Your body needs oxygen to breathe, which it takes from the air around you, into your lungs, to your heart - where it is pumped to your muscles and organs. When the oxygen is used by your muscles, carbon dioxide is produced, which needs to be removed. So as the new oxygen goes into your muscles, the carbon dioxide from the last pump is taken out, where it is sent all the way back round to the heart, and then back to your lungs, and out of your mouth, back into the air.
So, rebreathing breathed air increases the carbon dioxide concentration in you blood, triggerring you body's response of increased breathing in an attempt to regain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
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