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Anna71 [15]
3 years ago
14

Annealing is a process by which steel is reheated and then cooled to make it less brittle. Consider the reheat stage for a 100-m

m-thick steel plate ( 7830 kg/m3 , c 550 J/kg K, k 48 W/m K), which is initially at a uniform temperature of Ti 200 C and is to be heated to a minimum temperature of 550 C. Heating is effected in a gas-fired furnace, where products of combustion at T 800 C maintain a convection coefficient of h 250 W/m2 K on both surfaces of the plate. How long should the plate be left in the furnace
Engineering
1 answer:
zvonat [6]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

T = 858.25 s

Explanation:

Given data:

Reheat stage for a 100-mm-thick steel plate ( 7830 kg/m3,  c 550 J/kg K, k 48 W/m K),

initial uniform temperature ( Ti ) = 200 c

Final temperature = 550 c

convection coefficient  = 250 w/m^2 k

products combustion temp = 800 c

calculate how long the plate should be left in the furnace ( to attain 550 c )

first calculate/determine the Fourier series Number ( Fo )

\frac{T_{0}-T_{x}  }{T_{1}-T_{x}  } = C_{1} e^{(-0.4888^{2}*Fo )}

= 0.4167 = 1.0396e^{-0.4888*Fo}

therefore Fo =  3.8264

Now determine how long the plate should be left in the furnace

Fo = (\frac{k}{pc_{p} } ) ( \frac{t}{(L/2)^2} )

k = 48

p = 7830

L = 0.1

Input the values into the relation and make t subject of the formula

hence t = 858.25 s

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2 years ago
According to fire regulations in a town, the pressure drop in a commercial steel, horizontal pipe must not exceed 2.0 psi per 25
bonufazy [111]

Answer:

6.37 inch

Explanation:

Thinking process:

We need to know the flow rate of the fluid through the cross sectional pipe. Let this rate be denoted by Q.

To determine the pressure drop in the pipe:

Using the Bernoulli equation for mass conservation:

\frac{P1}{\rho } + \frac{v_{2} }{2g} +z_{1}  = \frac{P2}{\rho } + \frac{v2^{2} }{2g} + z_{2} + f\frac{l}{D} \frac{v^{2} }{2g}

thus

\frac{P1-P2}{\rho }  = f\frac{l}{D} \frac{v^{2} }{2g}

The largest pressure drop (P1-P2) will occur with the largest f, which occurs with the smallest Reynolds number, Re or the largest V.

Since the viscosity of the water increases with temperature decrease, we consider coldest case at T = 50⁰F

from the tables

Re= 2.01 × 10⁵

Hence, f = 0.018

Therefore, pressure drop, (P1-P2)/p = 2.70 ft

This occurs at ae presure change of 1.17 psi

Correlating with the chart, we find that the diameter will be D= 0.513

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7 0
3 years ago
A 3.52 kg steel ball is tossed upward from a height of 6.93 meters above the floor with a vertical velocity of 2.99 m/s. What is
Dafna1 [17]

Answer : The final velocity of the ball is, 12.03 m/s

Explanation :

By the 3rd equation of motion,

v^2-u^2=2as

where,

s = distance covered by the object = 6.93 m

u = initial velocity  = 2.99 m/s

v = final velocity = ?

a = acceleration = 9.8m/s^2

Now put all the given values in the above equation, we get the final velocity of the ball.

v^2-(2.99m/s)^2=2\times (9.8m/s^2)\times (6.93m)

v=12.03m/s

Thus, the final velocity of the ball is, 12.03 m/s

7 0
3 years ago
Air modeled as an ideal gas enters a turbine operating at steady state at 1040 K, 278 kPa and exits at 120 kPa. The mass flow ra
gladu [14]

Answer:

a) T_{2}=837.2K

b) e=91.3 %

Explanation:

A) First, let's write the energy balance:

W=m*(h_{2}-h_{1})\\W=m*Cp*(T_{2}-T_{1})  (The enthalpy of an ideal gas is just function of the temperature, not the pressure).

The Cp of air is: 1.004 \frac{kJ}{kgK} And its specific R constant is 0.287 \frac{kJ}{kgK}.

The only unknown from the energy balance is T_{2}, so it is possible to calculate it. The power must be negative because the work is done by the fluid, so the energy is going out from it.

T_{2}=T_{1}+\frac{W}{mCp}=1040K-\frac{1120kW}{5.5\frac{kg}{s}*1.004\frac{kJ}{kgk}} \\T_{2}=837.2K

B) The isentropic efficiency (e) is defined as:

e=\frac{h_{2}-h_{1}}{h_{2s}-h_{1}}

Where {h_{2s} is the isentropic enthalpy at the exit of the turbine for the isentropic process. The only missing in the last equation is that variable, because h_{2}-h_{1} can be obtained from the energy balance  \frac{W}{m}=h_{2}-h_{1}

h_{2}-h_{1}=\frac{-1120kW}{5.5\frac{kg}{s}}=-203.64\frac{kJ}{kg}

An entropy change for an ideal gas with  constant Cp is given by:

s_{2}-s_{1}=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})-Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})

You can review its deduction on van Wylen 6 Edition, section 8.10.

For the isentropic process the equation is:

0=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})-Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})\\Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})

Applying logarithm properties:

ln((\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R} )=ln((\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})^{Cp} )\\(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R}=(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})^{Cp}\\(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R/Cp}=(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})\\T_{2}=T_{1}(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R/Cp}

Then,

T_{2}=1040K(\frac{120kPa}{278kPa})^{0.287/1.004}=817.96K

So, now it is possible to calculate h_{2s}-h_{1}:

h_{2s}-h_{1}}=Cp(T_{2s}-T_{1}})=1.004\frac{kJ}{kgK}*(817.96K-1040K)=-222.92\frac{kJ}{kg}

Finally, the efficiency can be calculated:

e=\frac{h_{2}-h_{1}}{h_{2s}-h_{1}}=\frac{-203.64\frac{kJ}{kg}}{-222.92\frac{kJ}{kg}}\\e=0.913=91.3 %

4 0
3 years ago
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