Explanation :
Takumi wears sunscreen and a hat each time he works in the yard. This is to protect himself with the strong radiation coming from the sun. UV rays that are coming from the sun are the main cause of skin cancer.
Stochastic effects are the effects that are caused by chance. Cancer is one of the main stochastic effects.
So, the correct option is (b) "the severity of stochastic effects, such as cancer".
Answer: A.
Explanation: Roughly 180 - 200 million years ago, just before the first dinosaurs evolved. Mammals themselves evolved from a group or reptiles which exhibited mammal-like traits. One of them was specialized teeth. Reptiles tend to have teeth all the same shape. The mammal-like reptiles evolved tiny teeth in front of the jaw and two pairs of over sized fangs along the the sides. Like modern mammals, the head was large in proportion to the rest of the body. The jaws were also evolving another mammal trait, the ability to move sideways. Despite the lack of specialized teeth, acute hearing and the ability to chew, the dinosaurs evolved an adaptation which made them far more successful than mammals--modified leg bones. These limbs could be articulated directly under their bodies. This enabled the legs to support more weight, since the limbs were now under the body instead of at the sides. Then dinosaurs did something which secured their dominance for the next 120 million years - they began to stand on two legs. Although the back was still parallel to the ground, running on two legs greatly increased the dinosaur's speed. Mammals could simply not compete with swift, giant predators and were forced to remain small, and most became nocturnal to evade dinosaurs which were probably active during the day. Despite that they managed to survive which allowed the further evolution of mammals into us, humans.
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In order to change the frictional force between two solid surfaces, it can be changed by shorter distances and by the amount of weight it has or the amount of force that is pushing that object to go however distance it can.
