"<span>The endoderm layer may have developed abnormally" is the possible reason among the choices given in the question. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option or the last option. I hope that this is the answer that has actually come to your great help.</span>
During early embryonic development, three germ layers are formed in developing embryo, termed as ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Germ layer that forms vertebral column in developing embryo is mesoderm.
So, abnormal development of mesoderm would lead to birth of a child with deformed vertebral column. Thus, the correct answer is first option.
I don't know the options but my best guess would be erosion. Every time water comes on the beach is takes sand which erodes the beach. Hope that helps!
