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frozen [14]
3 years ago
14

When light propagates through two adjacent materials that have different optical properties, some interesting phenomena occur at

the interface separating the two materials. For example, consider a ray of light that travels from air into the water of a lake. As the ray strikes the air-water interface (the surface of the lake), it is partly reflected back into the air and partly refracted or transmitted into the water. This explains why on the surface of a lake sometimes you see the reflection of the surrounding landscape and other times the underwater vegetation.
These effects on light propagation occur because light travels at different speeds depending on the medium. The index of refraction of a material, denoted by n , gives an indication of the speed of light in the material. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light c in vacuum to the speed v in the material, orn=cv

What is the minimum value that the index of refraction can have?
Physics
1 answer:
Veseljchak [2.6K]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

First, the different indices of refraction must be taken into account (in different media): for example, the refractive index of light in a vacuum is 1 (since vacuum = c).  The value of the refractive index of the medium is a measure of its "optical density":  Light spreads at maximum speed in a vacuum but slower in others  transparent media; therefore in all of them n> 1. Examples of typical values ​​of  are those of air (1,0003), water (1.33), glass (1.46 - 1.66) or diamond (2.42).

The refractive index has a maximum value and a minimum value, which we can calculate the minimum value by means of the following explanation:

The limit or minimum angle, α lim, is defined as the angle of refraction from which  the refracted ray disappears and all the light is reflected. As in the maximum value of  angle of refraction, from which everything is reflected, is βmax = 90º, we can  know the limit angle (the minimum angle that we would have to have to know the minimum index of refraction) by Snell's law:

 βmax = 90º ⇒ n 1x sin α (lim) = n 2 ⇒ sin α lim = n 2 / n 1

Explanation:

When a light ray strikes the separation surface between two media  different, the incident beam is divided into three: the most intense penetrates the second  half forming the refracted ray, another is reflected on the surface and the third is  breaks down into numerous weak beams emerging from the point of incidence in  all directions, forming a set of stray light beams.

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A railroad car moving at a speed of 3.46 m/s overtakes, collides and couples with two coupled railroad cars moving in the same d
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Answer:

2.09\ \text{m/s}

22298.4\ \text{J}

Explanation:

m = Mass of each the cars = 1.6\times 10^4\ \text{kg}

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u_2 = Initial velocity of the other two cars = 1.4 m/s

v = Velocity of combined mass

As the momentum is conserved in the system we have

mu_1+2mu_2=3mv\\\Rightarrow v=\dfrac{u_1+2u_2}{3}\\\Rightarrow v=\dfrac{3.46+2\times 1.4}{3}\\\Rightarrow v=2.09\ \text{m/s}

Speed of the three coupled cars after the collision is 2.09\ \text{m/s}.

As energy in the system is conserved we have

K=\dfrac{1}{2}mu_1^2+\dfrac{1}{2}2mu_2^2-\dfrac{1}{2}3mv^2\\\Rightarrow K=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 1.6\times 10^4\times 3.46^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\times 2\times 1.6\times 10^4\times 1.4^2-\dfrac{1}{2}\times 3\times 1.6\times 10^4\times 2.09^2\\\Rightarrow K=22298.4\ \text{J}

The kinetic energy lost during the collision is 22298.4\ \text{J}.

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3 years ago
In which phase of mitosis are chromosome first seen as a result of chromatin coiling?
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Which of the following statements about X-rays and radio waves is not true? Which of the following statements about X-rays and r
Lapatulllka [165]

Answer:

X-rays travel through space faster than radio waves.

Explanation:

Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillations of the electric and the magnetic field in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion the wave.

All electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum always at the same speed, the speed of light, whose value is:

c=3.0\cdot 10^8 m/s

Electromagnetic waves are classified into 7 different types, according to their wavelength/frequency. From shortest to longest wavelength (and so, from highest to lowest frequency), we have:

Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet

Visible light

Infrared radiation

Microwaves

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Now we can analyze the 4 statements:

X-rays and radio waves are both forms of light, or electromagnetic radiation --> TRUE. They are both types of electromagnetic waves.

X-rays have higher frequency than radio waves. --> TRUE, as we can see from the table above.

X-rays have shorter wavelengths than radio waves. --> TRUE, as we can see from the table above.

X-rays travel through space faster than radio waves. --> FALSE: all electromagnetic waves travel in space at the same speed, the speed of light.

8 0
2 years ago
A machinist is required to manufacture a circular metal disk with area 1900 cm2. (a) What radius produces such a disk? (Round yo
alexgriva [62]

Answer:

24.5987 cm

Explanation:

A = 1900 cm^2

Let r be the radius of disc.

The area of disc is given by

A = π r²

Where, π = 31.4

1900 = 3.14 x r²

r² = 605.095

r = 24.5987 cm

6 0
2 years ago
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