Through secretory pathway or cytosolic protein through cytosolic pathway.
The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). The majority of these non-protein molecules have a molecular mass of less than 300 Da. Membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by two highly conserved parallel pathways. The well-studied co-translational pathway uses signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor for targeting and the SEC61 translocation for membrane integration.
However, mRNAs that encode cytosolic proteins can also be translated by ER-bound ribosomes. Thus, a large fraction of the proteome can be translated by ER-associated ribosomes. Such a diverse and selective translation of mRNAs redefines this ubiquitous organelle as a primary site of proteome synthesis in the cell.
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Answer:
convergent evolution
Explanation:
If we have two species that share a similar trait or look alike a lot, but they live in places isolated from each other, and they only have a very distant relation, then it is a case of convergent evolution. This type of evolution occurs with species that are not closely related, but they live in environments where having the same or very similar traits is advantageous. This can often lead to a confusion when looking at the species only on the outside, and it can be very misleading. As an example we can take the sabretoothed predators that existed in the past. Both the smiloden and the thylacosmilus had large saber like teeth, and even their bodies looked very similar, so one would assume that they are closely related, but that was not the case. The smilodon was part of the cat family, while the thylacosmilus was a marsupial, making them very distantly related. They developed same same and some very similar traits because their environment created the evolutionary pressure for those traits to develop as they were advantageous, despite them evolving in totally different places and separately.
It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include intermediary metabolism, growth, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division). The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope.
