Molecules in solids are packed a lot closer together than molecules in liquids and gases, so there is far less space between solid particles. Because of this, solid particles cannot move around quickly and freely like liquids and gases, instead they only vibrate so are fairly 'locked' into the same place, so solids have fixed volume and space.
One definition of an acid is a molecule that can donate a H+ ion. So for example if you have an acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water, HCl will donate it's H+ to the H2O molecule, forming Cl- and H3O+.
In contrast, a base is a molecule that accepts H+ ions. This means a base such as NH3 reacts with H2O to form OH- and NH4.
So when pH is measured, it is the ratio of H3O+ ions to OH- ions. If there are more H3O+ ions, you then know that there are more acidic molecules in the solution, since they must be giving away their H+ ions.
So a solution with an acid in it will have more H3O+ ions (which can be described as H+ ions) in it. However, an acid by itself will have nothing to donate H+ ions to.
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Answer: Option (b) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
In material bonding, there occurs Vander waal foces between the molecules in which their is either an induced or permanent dipole moment that attract molecules towards each other.
And, due to these forces the molecules are held together.
On the other hand, in a ionic bond there will always be transfer of electrons from one atom to another. This is because on atom which loses its valence electrons acquires a positive charge and another atom which gains the electrons acquires a negative charge.
Hence, these opposite charges strongly gets attracted towards each other forming a strong bond.
Whereas in a covalent bond, there will be sharing of electrons between the combining atoms.
In a metallic bond, there occurs a sea of electrons which is uniformly distributed throughout the solid substance or material.
Thus, we can conclude that the statement, Van der Waals bonds are formed by Van der Waals forces in which molecules or atoms have either an induced or permanent dipole moment to attract each other, about material bonding is correct.
Answer:
The reasons why the seemingly floating bubbles disappear was that they tend to loss their latent heat to the water molecules at the surface water.
Explanation:
Heat energy has a considerable effect on the velocity of molecules including water. The water molecules below the container will receive much more heat energy than those above it. This heat energy in the form of specific heat capacity and latent heat that result in the increase in the speed of individual molecules of water and finally to the escape of the molecules to a colder region of the container, in this case the upper region. At the collision of the bottom water to the surface water, they tend to exchange their heat content, the hotter molecules will lose their heat to the cold ones. When the formerly hot molecules encounter this, it will result in lowering the temperature and consequentially to the reduction of their movement, once in the form of bubble, now become ordinary water. This convectional transfer of heat energy will continue until the whole system has a uniform temperature depending on the consistency of the heat source.
