<span>The crusades were a series of holy wars called by popes with the promise of indulgences for those who fought in them and directed against external and internal enemies of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people.
</span>
Answer:
Lay investiture.
Explanation:
There are no better terms to explain investiture as the main word is. This is explained to be the act of putting a cleric, layman or a bishop possession over the said unit or group that is been assigned to him. This in most cases is seen to be done by religious or non religious folks. In the context above, it is discussed that the king took it solely to himself to invest clerics which according to research was seen to cause a controversy between religious and non religious group at that tine and era.
To make it legal, ratified also means the same thing
Answer:
Algorithm
Explanation:
algorithm is a problem solving technique which allows the analysis of data in way it can manipulated for arrived at logical results and conclusion. It is used in computer and mathematical operations.
He ruled one fifth of the world's inhabited land.He was also the first non-native emperor to conquer all of China.
