Answer:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.Keywords: calpain, central nervous system, demyelination, fingolimod, glycolipids, lipids, multiple sclerosis, myelin, myelination, NKT cells, oligodendrocytes, remyelination, T cells
Explanation:
The main difference between baseline activities and health-enhancing activities is that baseline activities maintain the status quo, while health-enhancing activities make things better.
1. If you work as a health professional or related to administrative branch of the medical field, understanding such terms are of upmost importance as you will encounter such terms in everyday work. If you work in the administrative side such as a cashier or a bill coder, then understanding these terms will help in the preparation of medical bills or documents for the patient as each organ system or disease have specific codes (ICD or CPT); and if the patient asks you questions about those terms, then you can easily answer it.
2. Understanding word parts will help you identify medical terms (i.e. cardio/logy - cardio- means heart and logos means the study of, or sarcoma - sarco- means fleshy and -oma means new growth). Having this knowledge is helpful in deducing terms that you don't have full knowledge of. This is important if you work in medical documentation or in medical records.
