The U.S Supreme Court pronounced the balancing test in the Turner v. Safley case. The balancing test means that the courts must balance the rights of inmates against the penological concerns of security and order.
In this case, the U.S Supreme Court upheld broad restriction on inmate-to-inmate correspondence and, in the process, reaffirmed its commitment to a deferential standard in prisoner speech cases.
In Justice O’Connor’s opinion in Turner v. Safley, he identified four factors to consider when applying this standard:
- Whether or not there is a valid, rational link between the regulation and the governmental interest advanced to justify it;
- Whether inmates are left with alternative means of exercising the right that the regulation restricts;
- Whether accommodating the asserted right would have a significant ripple effect on fellow inmates or prison staff;
- And whether there is a ready alternative to the regulation that fully accommodates the asserted right at a minimal cost to valid penological interests.
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The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) states that when a person is able and motivated, they are most likely to adopt the primary route to persuasion.
What is elaboration likelihood model?
According to the elaboration likelihood model, there are two ways that people can be persuaded of anything, depending on how interested they are in the subject. Persuasion takes place through the central channel when people are highly motivated and have the time to consider their options. In this case, they thoroughly assess the advantages and disadvantages of a decision.
The dual process theory known as the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion describes how attitudes change. Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo created the ELM in 1980. The model seeks to clarify various methods of processing stimuli, their uses, and the effects they have on attitude change. The center route and the periphery route are the two main paths for persuasion suggested by the ELM.
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Answer:
They built them on hills.
Explanation:
Of course, they did this to create a natural defense from the attack of foreign invaders. For example, the city of Rome itself was built on seven famous hills. Of course, through time they tried to fortify them as much as possible, but the main defense laid on the physical location of those cities.
