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77julia77 [94]
3 years ago
7

What happens when sodium and sulfur combine

Chemistry
1 answer:
Eduardwww [97]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula Na2S, or more commonly its hydrate Na2S·9H2O. Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts are colorless solids. They are water-soluble, giving strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, Na2S and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Some commercial samples are specified as Na2S·xH2O, where a weight percentage of Na2S is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% Na2S by weight, which means that x is around 3. Such technical grades of sodium sulfide have a yellow appearance owing to the presence of polysulfides. These grades of sodium sulfide are marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Production

3 Reactions with inorganic reagents

4 Uses

4.1 Reagent in organic chemistry

5 Safety

6 References

Structure

Na2S adopts the antifluorite structure,[2][3] which means that the Na+ centers occupy sites of the fluoride in the CaF2 framework, and the larger S2− occupy the sites for Ca2+.

Production

Industrially Na2S is produced by carbothermic reduction of sodium sulfate often using coal:[4]

Na2SO4 + 2 C → Na2S + 2 CO2

In the laboratory, the salt can be prepared by reduction of sulfur with sodium in anhydrous ammonia, or by sodium in dry THF with a catalytic amount of naphthalene (forming sodium naphthalenide):[5]

2 Na + S → Na2S

Reactions with inorganic reagents

The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide can incorporate a proton into the salt by protonation:

S2−

+  H+ → SH−

Because of this capture of the proton ( H+), sodium sulfide has basic character. Sodium sulfide is strongly basic, able to absorb two protons. Its conjugate acid is sodium hydrosulfide (SH−

). An aqueous solution contains a significant portion of sulfide ions that are singly protonated.

S2−

+ H

2O {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} SH−

+  OH−

 

 

 

 

(1)

SH−

+ H

2O {\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} H

2S +  OH−

 

 

 

 

(2)

Sodium sulfide is unstable in the presence of water due to the gradual loss of hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere.

When heated with oxygen and carbon dioxide, sodium sulfide can oxidize to sodium carbonate and sulfur dioxide:

2 Na2S + 3 O2 + 2 CO

2 → 2 Na2CO3 + 2 SO2

Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide gives sodium sulfate:[6]

Na2S + 4 H2O2 → 4 H

2O + Na2SO4

Upon treatment with sulfur, polysulfides are formed:

2 Na2S + S8 → 2 Na2S5

Uses

Sodium sulfide is primarily used in the kraft process in the pulp and paper industry.

It is used in water treatment as an oxygen scavenger agent and also as a metals precipitant; in chemical photography for toning black and white photographs; in the textile industry as a bleaching agent, for desulfurising and as a dechlorinating agent; and in the leather trade for the sulfitisation of tanning extracts. It is used in chemical manufacturing as a sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of rubber chemicals, sulfur dyes and other chemical compounds. It is used in other applications including ore flotation, oil recovery, making dyes, and detergent. It is also used during leather processing, as an unhairing agent in the liming operation.

Reagent in organic chemistry

Alkylation of sodium sulfide give thioethers:

Na2S + 2 RX → R2S + 2 NaX

Even aryl halides participate in this reaction.[7] By a broadly similar process sodium sulfide can react with alkenes in the thiol-ene reaction to give thioethers. Sodium sulfide can be used as nucleophile in Sandmeyer type reactions.[8] Sodium sulfide reduces1,3-dinitrobenzene derivatives to the 3-nitroanilines.[9] Aqueous solution of sodium sulfide can be refluxed with nitro carrying azo dyes dissolved in dioxane and ethanol to selectively reduce the nitro groups to amine; while other reducible groups, e.g. azo group, remain intact.[10] Sulfide has also been employed in photocatalytic applications.[11]

Explanation:there you go

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WINSTONCH [101]

Each neutral carbon atom contains four valence electrons and may form up to four electron domains. Possible hybridizations include

  • sp^{3}, four electron domains, as in ethane \text{C}_2\text{H}_6
  • sp^{2}, three electron domains, as in ethene \text{C}_2\text{H}_4
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Molecules of each of the three hybridization demonstrate spatial configurations that would maximizes the separation between the electron domains.

  • Carbon atoms with a sp^{3} hybridization would demonstrate a tetrahedral configuration with a bond angle of approximately 109.5\textdegree{}
  • Carbon atoms with a sp^{2} hybridization would demonstrate a triangular planar configuration with a bond angle of 120\textdegree{}
  • Carbon atoms with a sp hybridization would demonstrate a linear configuration with a bond angle of 180\textdegree{}

Bond angles are characteristic of the spatial configuration of electron domains and identifies the hybridization of the central carbon atom.

Note that each hydrogen atom contains only one valence electron and would form only single bonds. It takes two valence electrons for oxygen atoms to achieve an octet such that each oxygen form only two bonds at a single time. Therefore given the fact that the carbon is bonded to both hydrogen and oxygen, only the following hybridizations are possible

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Answer:

<h2>The answer is option D</h2>

Explanation:

To find the number of moles in a substance given it's number of entities we use the formula

n =  \frac{N}{L}  \\

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L is the Avogadro's constant which is

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From the question we have

n =  \frac{7.25 \times  {10}^{23} }{6.02 \times  {10}^{23} }  =  \frac{7.25}{6.02}  \\  = 1.2043189368...

We have the final answer as

<h3>1.20 moles</h3>

Hope this helps you

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Elements in group 2 are all called alkaline earth metals. What is most similar about the alkaline earth metals?
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Use the solubility graph to answer the following questions.
Akimi4 [234]

The required amount of KClO₃ to prepare a saturated solution is 48 grams.

<h3>What is solubility?</h3>

The ability of a material, the solute, to create a solution with another substance, the solvent, is known as solubility.

Given graph is plotted between the temperature and solubility of the substance at 100g of water, so for the given points calculation will be:

  • According to the graph for the KClO₃ we require almost 48g of KClO₃ to prepare a saturated solution.
  • From the graph it is clear that at 40°C 40g of KCl will dissolve in 100g of water then amount of KCl which will dissolve in 68g of water will be calculated as:

x = (40)(68) / (100) = 27.2g

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  • Based on the graph cerium sulfate behaves like a precipitate which will not dissolve at any temperature and present in the physical state.
  • We can add more 30g to make the KCl solution saturated.

Hence, we require almost 48g of KClO₃ to prepare a saturated solution of KClO₃.

To know more about solubility, visit the below link:

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