1. Because leaders need to devise effective solutions in short time spans with limited information, they need to have cognitive abilities.
2. Trait appraisals are subject to validity problems due to evaluator bias.
Explanation:
Cognitive abilities are knowledge based on the brain, which we need to perform from easy to complex tasks. They are mostly about how they read, recall, resolve issues and pay close attention than about any true knowledge. They were about how they think.
Traits have included the personality, behavior, leadership, work ethics, leadership skills, ethical sense, loyalty, flexibility, and judgment. On either hand, if the trait is legitly related to the work, then it might be valued.A trait is a person's own characteristic.
Answer: threat of new entrants will prevent the prices from rising above the competitive level.
Explanation:
A contestable market has competition such that sellers cannot unilaterally decide to sell at a certain price. They have to sell at a competitive price that is set by the market to ensure that goods are allocated efficiently.
If the prices attempt to rise above this competitive level, new sellers will enter the market so as to make a profit which would have the effect of driving the price back down to where it was and even lower if even more sellers come in. The price is therefore maintained to ensure that this does not happen.
Answer:
B) always downward sloping.
Explanation:
The demand curve for normal goods is always downward sloping because of a combination of three factors:
- the purchasing power of the customers decrease and if the price of a product increases, consumers will be able to buy less even if they don't want to
- consumer surplus decreases since the difference between how much a consumer is wiling to pay for the good and its actual price decreases or even becomes negative, so they will not be willing to purchase it
- as the price of normal goods increases, consumers will tend to increase the quantity demanded for substitute products
