Okay. The destruction of tundra vegetation will not really freeze the soil or deepen the active zone much. Therefore, A and C are eliminated. The destruction of the vegetation can actually melt permafrost, which contributes to global warming. The answer is D.
None; sharks don't have bones, instead, they have strong cartilage, much like what our noses are made up of
The answer would be D. Empiricality. Scientific Method can not, and will not deal with studies that are either for logic or for theism. This field may be beyond the scientific confirmability, meaning, it can not be proven by science, one example of this is the existence of a primary mover, or a God.
The process is called denaturation.
I hope this helped :)