Answer:
Q= 930.92W/m
Explanation:
Note that thermal conductivity of some common materials is from engineering tool box.
And the proper shape factor needed for the solution is found from the List of shape factor
Pressure of steam(T1)=400k
Diameter of the pipe(D)=0.6m
Square cross section of the concrete casing (W) =1.75m
Outer surface of casting maintained at a pressure (T2)=300k
Thermal conductivity (K) =1.7W/mK
The proper shape factor needed for the solution is found from the List of shape factor
Rate of heat loss (Q) =?
The heat rate (q) :
q=SKΔT1-T2=SK(T1-T2)
S=2πL/In(1.08W/D)
Heat loss per unit length is in terms of W/M
Note that, Q=q/L
By substitution, the full equation will be
Q=2πK(T1-T2)/In(1.08W/D)
Substituting values :
Q=2π(1.7W/mK)*(400K - 300k) / In[ (1.08(1.75m)/ 0.6m ]
Q= 930.92W/m
Answer:The resistance-change factor per degree Celsius of temperature change is called the temperature coefficient of resistance. ... A positive
Explanation:
Answer with Explanation:
There are various factors that needed to be taken into account while deciding the factor of safety some of which are summarized below as:
1) Importance of the structure: When we design any structure different structures have different importance in our society. Take an example of hospital, in case a natural disaster struck's a place the hospital should be the designed to withstand the disaster as it's role in the crisis management following a disaster is well understood. Thus while designing it we need it to have a higher factor of safety against failure when compared to a local building.
2) Errors involved in estimation of strength of materials: when we design any component of any machine or a structure we need to have an exact idea of the behavior of the material and know the value of the strength of the material. But many materials that we use in structure such as concrete in buildings have a very complex behavior and we cannot estimate the strength of the concrete absolutely, thus we tend to decrease the strength of the concrete more if errors involved in the estimation of strength are more to give much safety to the structure.
3) Variability of the loads that may act on the structure: If the loads that act on the structure are highly variable such as earthquake loads amd dynamic loads then we tend to increase the factor of safety while estimating the loads on the structure while designing it.
4) Economic consideration: If our project has abundant funds then we can choose a higher factor of safety while designing the project.
