Maturation is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.
<h3>
What are physiological changes?</h3>
Ageing causes physiological changes in all organ systems. Arteriosclerosis develops, blood pressure rises, and cardiac output declines. Lung function is compromised, vital capacity is reduced, and expiratory flow rates are slowed.
Pregnancy causes a number of physiological changes in the mother, such as an increase in fat and total body water, a drop in plasma protein concentrations, particularly albumin, an increase in blood volume, cardiac output, and blood flow to the kidneys, and a decrease in blood pressure.
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Eastern Orthodox Church:
Priests can marry
Patriarchs have equal status
The Church centers on Constantinople
Secular rulers have power over the Church
Roman Catholic Church:
Priests cannot marry
Pope heads the Church
The Church centers on Rome
Church leaders have authority over secular rulers
Surplus
Explanation:
If they lower the price the demand will increase.
It is characterized primarily by a paradox. A paradox is a statement or proposition that notwithstanding sound or apparently sound reasoning from acceptable premises that mains to a conclusion that appears pointless, logically intolerable or self-contradicting or seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or offer that when examined or clarified may prove to be well instituted or true.
Giving a rat some food in the same half of the cage as the bar experimenters want it to press is an example of shaping.
<h3>What is
shaping?</h3>
A conditioning paradigm known as shaping is frequently used to analyze behavior in experiments. Differential reinforcement of subsequent approximations is the technique utilized. B. F. Skinner first used pigeons to demonstrate it before expanding to include dogs, dolphins, humans, and other species.
By encouraging behaviors that advance toward the desired behavior, shaping affects behavior (operant response). Organisms can be trained to behave in ways that would only sometimes if ever, happen naturally through shaping.
Methods of Shaping Behavior:
- Positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement.
- Punishment.
- Extinction.
- Schedules of reinforcement.
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