Question

1. How does the valence of an element relate to its chemical activity?

Answer 1

Answer:

1. fewer valence electrons generally means more reactivity

2. law of conservation of energy - a

law of definite proportions - b

law of conservation of matter - c

3. In 1869 Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev started the development of the periodic table, arranging chemical elements by atomic mass. He predicted the discovery of other elements and left spaces open in his periodic table for them.

4.  Helium (He)  18  1 0 (2 electrons in outermost shell) The elements have full outermost shells and don't tend to gain or lose electrons. They're stable and don't form compounds readily. They're generally inert, or inactive. These are basically colorless gases that are abundant in the atmosphere.        

Inflating airships and balloons

Neon (Ne)   18  2 0 (8 electrons in outermost shell)  Used in electric lights

Argon (Ar)   18  3 0 (8 electrons in outermost shell)  Used to fill electric light bulbs and in welding  

Krypton (Kr)   18  4 0 (8 electrons in outermost shell)  Used in flashbulbs and strobe lights  

Xenon (Xe)   18  5 0 (8 electrons in outermost shell)   Used in flashbulbs and strobe lights  

Radon (Rn) 18 6 0 (8 electrons in outermost shell)  Used in certain medical treatments, can be environmental hazard

5 Fluorine (F)  17  2 –1 (All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shells)       Pale yellow gas, penetrating odor; most active of all elements Prevents decay of teeth, used in manufacturing

 

Chlorine (Cl)   17 3  Greenish-yellow gas, extremely poisonous and irritating; heavy, readily soluble in water, easily liquefied; forms chlorides with most metals  Used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant, used in water purification, used in manufacture of chlorine compounds; used to make salt (rock salt, seasoning), used in electrolysis, used to make HCl  

Bromine (Br)   17  4 Reddish-brown liquid with suffocating odor  Used to make silver bromide used on photographic film, ingredient in an anti-knock constituent for gas  

Iodine (I)   17  5 Purplish-black solid, boils at comparatively low temperatures, slightly soluble in water, unites with most metals and some nonmetals; sublimes  Used as a disinfectant for cuts and lacerations; important to nutrition

Astatine (At)  17  6 Radioactive, occurs naturally but only in the smallest amounts  Only for scientific research, no practical industrial uses currently  

6. Hydrogen (H)  1  1  +1 (It has one valence electron)  Colorless, odorless, and tasteless; lightest substance known; burns with colorless flame; rarely found in free condition; mostly found in water, with other elements, in animal and vegetable matter, and in energy sources (petroleum, coal, natural gas)  Used industrially to form shortenings from animal and vegetable oils and to produce ammonia  

Carbon (C)  14 2  +4/–4 (It has four valence electrons)  Exists as diamond, graphite, or an amorphous form with various properties; as carbon monoxide, it's colorless, odorless, tasteless, and poisonous; as carbon dioxide, it's a colorless gas that is a product of fuel combustion, respiration, and decay or living matter  As a diamond, it's used for cutting and industrial purposes; as graphite, it's used in pencils, making melting pots, used as a lubricant and in industry; as an amorphous material, it's used as fuel and as a coloring material; CO2 is used in making fire extinguishers, washing soda, and in manufacture of dry ice  

7. Water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It's the chief substance of living material. It has a specific gravity of 1.0 at 4° Celsius. It freezes at 0° Celsius and boils at 100° Celsius. Water is a powerful solvent. Distillation is needed to remove impurities. Purification methods include

Aeration (water is sprayed into the air so that light and oxygen can kill bacteria)

Filtration (water is passed through a filter to remove impurities)

Chlorination (chlorine is added to water to destroy bacteria)

Coagulation (chemicals are added to water to cause organic matter with bacteria

to settle out)

8. Air contains nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and rare gases (less than 1%). It also contains water, dust, bacteria, and other materials.

explaination ..................... YeS