Alliances fall into two broad categories: contractual (non-equity) and equity-based.
projects, strategic suppliers, strategic distributors, and licensing/franchising (see Chapter 6 for
definitions). These are also limited in scope and duration.
Equity-based alliances call for a higher level of commitment. Examples include strategic
investment (one partner invests in another as a strategic investor) and cross shareholding (both
partners invest in each other). A joint venture is a special case of equity-based alliance that
establishes a new legally independent entity (in other words, a new firm which is the JV) whose
equity is provided by two (or more) alliance partners.
Although JVs are often used as examples of strategic alliances,
not
all strategic alliances are JVs.
Essentially, a JV is a “corporate child” given birth by two (or more) parent firms, such as
SonyEricsson’s set up by Sony and Ericsson. A non-JV, equity-based alliance can be regarded as
two firms “getting married,” but not having “children.” The Renault-Nissan alliance is such an
example.
Networks are also a form of strategic alliance. For the purposes of this chapter, we define
strategic networks as strategic alliances formed by multiple firms to compete against other such
<span>groups and against traditional single firms</span>
Answer:
the characteristic of vertebrates from the following is
Answer:
The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to phenol.
Explanation:
The effectiveness of a disinfectant or antiseptic can be determined in a number of ways. Historically, a chemical agent’s effectiveness was often compared with that of phenol, the first chemical agent used by Joseph Lister. In 1903, British chemists Samuel Rideal (1863–1929) and J. T. Ainslie Walker (1868–1930) established a protocol to compare the effectiveness of a variety of chemicals with that of phenol, using as their test organisms Staphylococcus aureus (a gram-positive bacterium) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (a gram-negative bacterium). They exposed the test bacteria to the antimicrobial chemical solutions diluted in water for 7.5 minutes. They then calculated a phenol coefficient for each chemical for each of the two bacteria tested. A phenol coefficient of 1.0 means that the chemical agent has about the same level of effectiveness as phenol. A chemical agent with a phenol coefficient of less than 1.0 is less effective than phenol. An example is formalin, with phenol coefficients of 0.3 (S. aureus) and 0.7 (S. enterica serovar Typhi). A chemical agent with a phenol coefficient greater than 1.0 is more effective than phenol, such as chloramine, with phenol coefficients of 133 and 100, respectively. Although the phenol coefficient was once a useful measure of effectiveness, it is no longer commonly used because the conditions and organisms used were arbitrarily chosen.