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Chemically altered nucleosides derived from canonical ribo-or deoxyribonucleoside-derivatives of adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine or thymidine are found in all types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. They are particularly abundant in noncoding RNAs, such as transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNA of higher organisms. By increasing the structural diversity of nucleic acids, modified nucleosides play important roles in gene expression and in regulating many aspects of RNA functions. They also contribute to nucleic acid stability and to protection of genetic materials against virus aggression. In this chapter we present a historical overview of the discovery, occurrence, and diversity of the many naturally occurring modified nucleosides that are present in both DNA and RNA of diverse organisms. We also briefly describe the different enzymes that accomplish these nucleic acid ‘decorations’. More information about the structure, function, biosynthesis and evolutionary aspects of selected modified nucleosides in DNA and RNA and their corresponding modification enzymes can be found elsewhere in this volume.
Explanation:
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Answer:
muscles of the veins and arteries, abdominal muscles and liver gravity.
Explanation:
Larry is taking a walk in the park. The pollen in the air makes him sneeze constantly. The line of defense that is his immune system exhibiting is that of "(A) first line of defense." There are only 3 lines of defense in the immune system. The first line of defense are a combination of physical and chemical barriers that prevent all types of foreign agents from penetrating the outer layer of the body. In this case, it is the nasal cavity.
