The incorporation of valinomycin, a neutral antibiotic, into a polyvinyl chloride membrane allows for the manufacture of an ion-selective electrode that is highly selective for potassium.
<h3>How Valinomycin Ionophores Enter and Transport K+ across Model Lipid Bilayer Membranes?</h3>
- A biomimetic lipid membrane attached to the surface of the gold electrode contained the cyclic peptide valinomycin.
- The ionophore characteristics of the peptide were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the conformation and orientation of the antibiotic valinomycin within the membrane were identified using polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy.
- By forming a complex with potassium ions and an ion pair with a counter anion, valinomycin transports ions across the membrane, and the combination of these two techniques revealed novel information about the ionophore mechanism.
- The ion pair is located inside the hydrophobic portion of the membrane and makes a little angle of around 22° with the surface normal.
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Answer:
approximately 2.3 parts per million (ppm) per year
Explanation:
In 2019, the global amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has been estimated at approximately 410 parts per million (ppm). These levels are higher than at any time in the last 800,000 years, and it has been estimated that in 2025 the CO2 levels will be higher than at any time in the last 3.3 million years. In 2018, there has been an increase of approx. 2.5 ppm, the same increase observed between 2017 and 2018. Moreover, the average increase of the CO2 levels in the atmosphere between 2009 and 2018 was 2.3 ppm each year.
Answer:
1.543
Explanation:
According to Poiseuille's law, blood flow (Q) is given by:
Where ΔP is the blood pressure difference, μ is the blood viscosity, r is the radius of the blood vessel, and L is the length of the vessel.
During a marathon, the new radii of her blood vessels (r') are
The average radii of her blood vessels increased by a factor of 1.543
Answer:
I'm guessing you want the definitions for each of the phases right?
Explanation:
Prophase: Chromatin in the cells nucleus condenses and chromosomes start pairing up
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate and split off from each other to the opposite sides of the cells.
Telophase and Cytokinesis: Membrane starts forming around each set of chromosomes on two opposite sides of the cells. Cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
