They use information from other things that relate to that topic and then use that to do their research
I'm pretty sure its D, Time of discovery of the body. Let me know (:
A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate, positioned in an arc shape as seen from above. Offshore volcanoes form islands, resulting in a volcanic island arc.
I would say water; water is extremely polar, and this is why it can break one of the strongest bonds, ionic bonds. NaCl, as you probably know, is a salt, and dissolves in water. However, the ionic bond holding the Na+ and the Cl- is extremely strong; the boiling point of NaCl is at 1413 degrees celcius (water is at 100 degrees celcius). This means that it requires A LOT of energy to break the bond, but water is able to dissolve and break the bond very easily. It is very polar, so I would answer your question with water. And the bond connecting the H and the O is a covalent bond.