When light passes from one medium to another at an angle, it may refract, or bend, according to Snell's law:
n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)
n₁ = index of first medium, θ₁ = angle of incidence, n₂ = index of second medium, θ₂ = angle of refraction
Given values:
n₁ = 1.33 (water), θ₁ = 45.0°, θ₂ = 40.3°
Plug in and solve for n₂:
1.33sin(45.0°) = n₂sin(40.3°)
n₂ = 1.454
I looked up this value on the HyperPhysics indices of refraction table... The index we calculated is closest to 1.46, which is that of fused quartz.
I'm pretty sure it's the neutron star.
(a) 
First of all, we need to calculate the acceleration of the person, by using the following SUVAT equation:

where
v = 0 is the final velocity
u = 20.0 m/s is the initial velocity
a is the acceleration
d = 1.00 cm = 0.01 m is the displacement of the person
Solving for a,

And the average force on the person is given by

with m = 75.0 kg being the mass of the person. Substituting,

where the negative sign means the force is opposite to the direction of motion of the person.
b) 
In this case,
v = 0 is the final velocity
u = 20.0 m/s is the initial velocity
a is the acceleration
d = 15.00 cm = 0.15 m is the displacement of the person with the air bag
So the acceleration is

So the average force on the person is
