The distance from the star to the Earth
Explanation:
The absolute brightness of a star is a measure of the intrinsec luminosity of the star, i.e. it does not depend on the distance of the star from the Earth.
In other word, the absolute brightness is a measure of the luminosity of a star if all stars were placed at the same distance from Earth.
On the other hand, the relative brightness of a star is a measure of its luminosity as observed on Earth, therefore it does depend on the distance of the star from the Earth: the farther the star is, the more its luminosity will decrease, and vice-versa.
The star's absolute brightness, therefore, depends only on the characteristics of the star itself, namely:
- The absolute magnitude of the star
- The rate at which the star produces energy via nuclear fusion
- The rate at which the star releases energy via electromagnetic radiation
Therefore, the only factor that does NOT change if the absolute brightness of a star changes is
- The distance from the star to the Earth
Learn more about planets and stars:
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