The answer is <span>the number of DNA mutations in an organism is measured over time to determine how long it will take for a new species to evolve.</span>
A Karyotype Test Determines Chromosome Count.Whatever the age, the test used to diagnose Turner syndrome is the same—and it is known as a karyotype. A karyotype is a blood test that produces an image of your chromosomes.
Answer: (c) It generates ATP, which cells can use to do work.
(d) It generates chemical gradients, which have potential energy.
Explanation:
The overall process of Cellular respiration is the aerobic break down of organic compounds (food) with the release of CO2, water and energy in form of ATP which drives most cellular work.
Organic compound + oxygen --------> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP + heat)
In cellular respiration during the break down of food in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, chemical energy (NADH and FADH) are extracted from each cellular process and transported to the electron transport chain built in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The chemical energy harvested from food is transformed into a proton-motive force, a gradient of H+ across the membrane. When this H+ election fall from their gradient via ATP synthase, Chemiosmosis couples this proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP.
