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Bromination:
Any reaction or process in which bromine (and no other elements) are introduced into a molecule.
Bromonium Ion:
The bromonium ion is formed when alkenes react with bromine. When the π cloud of the alkene (acting as a nucleophile) approaches the bromine molecule (acting as an electrophile), the σ-bond electrons of Br2 are pushed away, resulting in the departure of the bromide anion.(2)
Mechanism:
Step 1:
In the first step of the reaction, a bromine molecule approaches the electron-rich alkene carbon–carbon double bond. The bromine atom closer to the bond takes on a partial positive charge as its electrons are repelled by the electrons of the double bond. The atom is electrophilic at this time and is attacked by the pi electrons of the alkene [carbon–carbon double bond]. It forms for an instant a single sigma bond to both of the carbon atoms involved (2). The bonding of bromine is special in this intermediate, due to its relatively large size compared to carbon, the bromide ion is capable of interacting with both carbons which once shared the π-bond, making a three-membered ring. The bromide ion acquires a positive formal charge. At this moment the halogen ion is called a "bromonium ion".
Step 2:
When the first bromine atom attacks the carbon–carbon π-bond, it leaves behind one of its electrons with the other bromine that it was bonded to in Br2. That other atom is now a negative bromide anion and is attracted to the slight positive charge on the carbon atoms. It is blocked from nucleophilic attack on one side of the carbon chain by the first bromine atom and can only attack from the other side. As it attacks and forms a bond with one of the carbons, the bond between the first bromine atom and the other carbon atoms breaks, leaving each carbon atom with a halogen substituent.
In this way the two halogens add in an anti addition fashion, and when the alkene is part of a cycle the dibromide adopts the trans configuration.
Answer:
0.6 grams of hydrogen are needed to react with 2.75 g of nitrogen.
Explanation:
When hydrogen and nitrogen react they form ammonia.
Chemical equation:
N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃
Given mass of nitrogen = 2.75 g
Number of moles of nitrogen:
Number of moles = mass/ molar mass
Number of moles = 2.75 g / 28 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.098 mol
Now we will compare the moles of nitrogen with hydrogen from balance chemical equation:
N₂ : H₂
1 : 3
0.098 : 3×0.098 = 0.3 mol
Mass of hydrogen:
Mass = number of moles × molar mass
Mass = 0.3 mol × 2 g/mol
Mass = 0.6 g
Answer:
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Explanation:
Answer:
equal and opposite
Explanation:
The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object