:<span> </span><span>You need to know the derivative of the sqrt function. Remember that sqrt(x) = x^(1/2), and that (d x^a)/(dx) = a x^(a-1). So (d sqrt(x))/(dx) = (d x^(1/2))/(dx) = (1/2) x^((1/2)-1) = (1/2) x^(-1/2) = 1/(2 x^(1/2)) = 1/(2 sqrt(x)).
There is a subtle shift in meaning in the use of t. If you say "after t seconds", t is a dimensionless quantity, such as 169. Also in the formula V = 4 sqrt(t) cm3, t is apparently dimensionless. But if you say "t = 169 seconds", t has dimension time, measured in the unit of seconds, and also expressing speed of change of V as (dV)/(dt) presupposes that t has dimension time. But you can't mix formulas in which t is dimensionless with formulas in which t is dimensioned.
Below I treat t as being dimensionless. So where t is supposed to stand for time I write "t seconds" instead of just "t".
when f(x) = g(x).