<span>It contains 6.02mc001-2 particles of a given substance</span>
        
                    
             
        
        
        
The valence part is referring to the outer most ring of electrons.  Carbon only has four on the 'valence' or outer most ring helping it to form bonds with other things.  I hope this helps!! Good Luck!!! :)
        
             
        
        
        
They are a relatively recent invention.
I hope it was helpful for you.
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
10 atm.
Explanation:
Using the combined gas law equation as follows;
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
Where;
P1 = initial pressure (atm)
P2 = final pressure (atm)
V1 = initial volume (L)
V2 = final volume (L)
T1 = initial temperature (K)
T2 = final temperature (K)
According to the information provided in this question, 
P1 = 5 atm
P2 = ?
V1 = 4L
V2 = 2L
T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298K
T2 = 25°C = 298K
Using P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
5 × 4/298 = P2 × 2/298
20/298 = 2P2/298
Cross multiply
298 × 20 = 298 × 2P2
5960 = 596P2
P2 = 5960 ÷ 596
P2 = 10 atm.