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Alika [10]
3 years ago
10

_____ are responsible for the transport of substances down a concentration gradient during facilitated diffusion.

Biology
1 answer:
tankabanditka [31]3 years ago
3 0
Facilitator proteins / facilitator protein channels
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The "scissors" of the molecular biology are: DNA Restriction enzymes.

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Naturally present in a large number of species of bacteria, these enzymes have become important tools in genetic engineering.


The "glue" of the molecular biology are: DNA ligase

In molecular biology, DNA ligases are ligase-class enzymes that catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two segments of DNA. DNA ligases are involved in several essential cellular processes of DNA metabolism: in DNA replication, suture of Okazaki fragments, and in DNA repair and homologous recombination.


The use of these tools in molecular biology: Cloning

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Molecular cloning requires restriction enzymes capable of cleaving the DNA, and DNA ligase capable of re-gluing the DNA fragments. Ligase was isolated for the first time from T4 bacteriophage. This enzyme is involved in the repair and replication of DNA. It can bind DNA fragments with compatible sticky ends. At higher concentration, this enzyme is also able to bind two ends of DNA as shown here. T4 DNA ligase works using ATP and Mg ++. It has an activity optimum of 16 ° C, but remains active at room temperature.

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