<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol:
</u></h3>
Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.
But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.
There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.
<u>Example:
</u>
, at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.
12:00 AM A will see collisions
Pocket Size to detect the collision.

CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.
<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>
- In the previous example we have seen that in worst case
time require to detect a collision.
- There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.
We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.
Distance = 1km = 1000m

Answer:
Option (d) 2 min/veh
Explanation:
Data provided in the question:
Average time required = 60 seconds
Therefore,
The maximum capacity that can be accommodated on the system, μ = 60 veh/hr
Average Arrival rate, λ = 30 vehicles per hour
Now,
The average time spent by the vehicle is given as
⇒ 
thus,
on substituting the respective values, we get
Average time spent by the vehicle = 
or
Average time spent by the vehicle = 
or
Average time spent by the vehicle = 
or
Average time spent by the vehicle =
hr/veh
or
Average time spent by the vehicle =
min/veh
[ 1 hour = 60 minutes]
thus,
Average time spent by the vehicle = 2 min/veh
Hence,
Option (d) 2 min/veh
A. AFGI is the answer for this question.