How does relative-age dating help scientists learn about fossils?

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of ________. phospholipids and glycolipids proteins and n

guapka [62]

Answer:

Option- "Proteins and Nucleic acid."

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism(break down of macro molecules into simpler ones) of Protein molecules.

Explanation:

Proteins and nucleic acids:

Most of the organisms ingest different types of materials. And some of them are proteins which are composed up of different amino acids, as the proteins are important in many ways, they help in cells reproduction and growth etc.

And the nucleic acids are important polymers, which are required for carrying the operation of genetic material from one cell or being to another.Or it may occur simply from one generation to another in the form of RNA and DNA.

Why they are broken down?

Both the polymers consists the Nitrogen atom as the main constituent in there molecular structure, so that is why the break down of these materials results in the form of nitrogenous materials.

When proteins level exceeds from a certain level they need to be controlled and thus required the excessive materials to be excreted from the body. There are different forms or levels of the nitrogenous waste products which are excreted from an animal body. As there levels of organisms excrete them in different forms,which are as below:

Beings living on land and Marine Fish: The nitrogenous waste is excreted mostly in the form of urea or uric acid, but mostly in the urea which is just because they have an optimum level of water as the solvent.Along with that the marine fish can also excretes the nitrogenous waste in the form of trimethylamine oxide.
Ave's(Birds):Birds have a less availability of water in there body which makes them to excrete the nitrogenous waste product in the form of uric acids.
Freshwater Fish: They excrete the amount of nitrogenous waste from the body in form of ammonia, as they have an abundance of water as solvent. While, there is an abundance of water in the environment, which they are able to dissolve the amount of nitrogenous waste products present inside the body and excrete it in the form of ammonia. Which is less toxic form of the nitrogenous waste materials.

4 0

2 years ago

When doing medical research with human subjects,which four limitaions are unavoidable

Illusion [34]

Answer:

There are ethical or privacy concerns to consider.

Explanation:

Human subject research is a systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional, a trial research or observational (test).

It is necessary to follow the Nuremberg code (1948) and have a voluntary informed consent, the research should be based on previous good results, on prior research, physical or psychological injury and harm should be avoided, benefits should outweigh risks, proper experience of a researcher is needed, right to withdraw consent, and research must stop if harm is arising.

In 1964, a guideline for medical doctors in biomedical research has been established by WMA (The World Medical Association). Helsinki declaration stated the ethical principles involving human subjects that was adopted.

In, 1982 International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) has been established.

According to Guidelines (2002) ethical justification and scientific validity of research, ethical review, informed consent, vulnerability ¬ of individuals, groups, communities and populations, women as research subjects, equity regarding burdens and benefits, choice of control in clinical trials, confidentiality, compensation for injury, strengthening of national or local capacity for ethical review, and obligations of sponsors to provide health-care services are outlined.

There are 4 most important principles of ethics such as autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance and justice.

Ethical Review Board (ERB) is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioural research involving humans. It aims to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects. The ERB must have at least five members. The members must have enough experience, expertise, and diversity. If the ERB works with studies that include vulnerable populations, the ERB should have members who are familiar with these groups. The ERB must include at least one person who is not affiliated with the institution or in the immediate family of a person affiliated with the institution. ERB members may not vote on their projects. The ERB may include consultants in their discussions to meet requirements for expertise or diversity, but only actual ERB members may vote.

4 0

2 years ago

Explain what a mosaic is and then explain why the term fluid mosaic model is used to describe the plasma membrane

zalisa [80]

Fluid mosaic is a term used to describe the current model of the cell membrane. Cell membranes are basically double layers (bilayers) of molecules called phospholipids.A mosaic is a structure made up of many different parts. Mainly because of the way the plasma membrane is made up. It is fluid because it can wave and wobble like fluid, a bit sticky though. Due to the phospholipids sticking together. It is called mosaic because there are various proteins stuck inside the fluid creating a kind of patchwork or mosaic

7 0

2 years ago

Why is complementary base pairing important in DNA structure?

Rudik [331]

A::T and G:::C is essential. The importance to the DNA structure is that prevents lose of genes and mis-formation of encoded products (protein and mRNA).

8 0

3 years ago

Who was one of the first people to identify and observe cells from cork?

Aloiza [94]

Answer:

The first person to observe cells was Robert Hooke. Hooke was an English scientist. He used a compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork.

Explanation:

Sorry if I am wrong let me know if I am.

7 0

2 years ago