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Reil [10]
2 years ago
7

Draw the Lewis structures for CH3OH, CH2O and HCOOH. Indicate the hybrid orbital used in the sigma bonds for each of the carbon

atoms. For which of these compounds is the extent of oxidation the greatest? Explain why

Chemistry
1 answer:
sdas [7]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

See figure 1

Explanation:

For this question, we have to remember that in the lewis structures all atoms must have<u> 8 electrons</u>. And each atom would have a different value of <u>valence electrons</u>:

Carbon => 4

Oxygen=> 6

Hydrogen=> 1

Additionally, for the <u>hybridizations</u> we have to remember that:

Sp^3=> 4 single bonds

Sp^2=> 1 double bond

Sp^1=> 1 double bond

With this in mind, the formaldehyde and formic acid would have Sp^2 carbons and the ethanol an Sp^3 carbon.

Finally, for the oxidation state. We have to remember that <u>if we have more bonds with oxygen, we will have more oxidation</u>. Therefore, the carbon that has more oxidation is the one in the formic acid (we have several bonds with oxygen).

See figure 1

I hope it helps!

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At what temperature is the following reaction feasible: HCl(g) + NH3(g) -&gt; NH4Cl(s)?
Nutka1998 [239]
Energy is distributed not just in translational KE, but also in rotation, vibration and also distributed in electronic energy levels (if input great enough, bond breaks).

All four forms of energy are quantised and the quanta ‘gap’ differences increases from trans. KE ==> electronic.

Entropy (S) and energy distribution: The energy is distributed amongst the energy levels in the particles to maximise their entropy.

Entropy is a measure of both the way the particles are arranged AND the ways the quanta of energy can be arranged.

We can apply ΔSθsys/surr/tot ideas to chemical changes to test feasibility of a reaction:

ΔSθtot = ΔSθsys +  ΔSθsurr

ΔSθtot must be >=0 for a chemical change to be feasible.

For example: CaCO3(s) ==> CaO(s) + CO2(g) 

ΔSθsys = ΣSθproducts – ΣSθreactants 

ΔSθsys = SθCaO(s) + SθCO2(g) – SθCaCO3(s) 

ΔSθsurr is –ΔHθ/T(K) and ΔH is very endothermic (very +ve),

Now ΔSθsys is approximately constant with temperature and at room temperature the ΔSθsurr term is too negative for ΔSθtot to be plus overall.

But, as the temperature is raised, the ΔSθsurr term becomes less negative and eventually at about 800oCΔSθtot becomes plus overall (and ΔGθ becomes negative), so the decomposition is now chemically, and 'commercially' feasible in a lime kiln.

CaCO3(s) ==> CaO(s) + CO2(g)  ΔHθ = +179 kJ mol–1  (very endothermic)

This important industrial reaction for converting limestone (calcium carbonate) to lime (calcium oxide) has to be performed at high temperatures in a specially designed limekiln – which these days, basically consists of a huge rotating angled ceramic lined steel tube in which a mixture of limestone plus coal/coke/oil/gas? is fed in at one end and lime collected at the lower end. The mixture is ignited and excess air blasted through to burn the coal/coke and maintain a high operating temperature.
ΔSθsys = ΣSθproducts – ΣSθreactants
ΔSθsys = SθCaO(s) + SθCO2(g) – SθCaCO3(s) = (40.0) + (214.0) – (92.9) = +161.0 J mol–1 K–1
ΔSθsurr is –ΔHθ/T = –(179000/T)
ΔSθtot = ΔSθsys +  ΔSθsurr
ΔSθtot = (+161) + (–179000/T) = 161 – 179000/T
If we then substitute various values of T (in Kelvin) you can calculate when the reaction becomes feasible.
For T = 298K (room temperature)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/298 = –439.7 J mol–1 K–1, no good, negative entropy change

For T = 500K (fairly high temperature for an industrial process)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/500 = –197.0, still no good

For T = 1200K (limekiln temperature)

ΔSθtot = 161 – 179000/1200 = +11.8 J mol–1 K–1, definitely feasible, overall positive entropy change

Now assuming ΔSθsys is approximately constant with temperature change and at room temperature the ΔSθsurr term is too negative for ΔSθtot to be plus overall. But, as the temperature is raised, the ΔSθsurr term becomes less negative and eventually at about 800–900oC ΔSθtot becomes plus overall, so the decomposition is now chemically, and 'commercially' feasible in a lime kiln.
You can approach the problem in another more efficient way by solving the total entropy expression for T at the point when the total entropy change is zero. At this point calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are at equilibrium.
ΔSθtot–equilib = 0 = 161 – 179000/T, 179000/T = 161, T = 179000/161 = 1112 K

This means that 1112 K is the minimum temperature to get an economic yield. Well at first sight anyway. In fact because the carbon dioxide is swept away in the flue gases so an equilibrium is never truly attained so limestone continues to decompose even at lower temperatures.

8 0
2 years ago
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Which of the following is an acid-base neutralization reaction?
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Answer:

Explanation:

Answer: D

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HBr

HCl

HI

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8 0
2 years ago
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Amiraneli [1.4K]

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The reason why C is true is because this species of plant requires certain things to survive, and without said requirements they will die. Hence, the animal that is unable to compete will die and be eliminated from the ecosystem. Hope that helps!

6 0
3 years ago
What are the three types of mixtures?
maksim [4K]
Suspension mixture,colloidal mixture or solution
6 0
3 years ago
The equation for photon energy, E, is E=hcλ where h = 6.626×10−34 J⋅s (Planck's constant) and c = 2.99×108 m/s (the speed of lig
masya89 [10]

Answer:

9.133×10^-6 m

Explanation:

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It is the basic unit of all light. Photons are always in motion and, in a vacuum, travel at a constant speed to all observers of 3 x 10^8 m/s.

From the question, the following details were supplied;

Energy of the photon (E) = 4.61×10^−19 J

Speed of light (c) = 2.99×10^8 m/s

Plank's constant (h) = 6.626×10^−34 J⋅s

Wavelength of the photon (λ)= ??? The unknown

From

E=hc/λ

λ= hc/E

Substituting values

λ= 6.626×10^−34 × 2.99×10^8/ 4.61×10^−19

λ= 91.33×10^-7 m

λ= 9.133×10^-6 m

3 0
3 years ago
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