Answer:
The answer is:
2) Destruction of pathogens entering the nasopharynx.
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Urbanization has changed literally everything over the years from the environment being destroyed little by little but also it effects water pollution and by factories being made puts a bunch of terrible greenhouse gasses that are not healthy to breath in.
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A phenotype is the physical appearance of a characteristic.
A genotype is the code for that characteristic.
Carbon dioxide from the yeast comes from a process called fermentation. Fermentation is a cellular respiration process in cells that happens when oxygen is not present. If oxygen is present, the process is called aerobic respiration.