If you aren't familiar with the Pythagorean Theorem, I suggest you learn about it. http://www.1728.org/pythgorn.htm
Looking ay my graphic, you see that the tree, the ladder and the 6 foot space on the ground form a right triangle. In a right triangle the longest side is called the hypotenuse. (the ladder).
The Pythagorean Theorem states that
the hypotenuse squared = one side squared + the other side squared.
So the ladder length squared = 18 foot tree squared + 6 fee squared
That's easier to state with numbers.
ladder length squared = 18 * 18 + 6 * 6
ladder length squared = 324 + 36
ladder length squared = 360
To get the ladder length, we take the square root of 360 which equals
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18.973665961
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so rounding to the nearest foot we need a
19 foot ladder.