Answer:
a.) 
b.) 
Explanation:
<u>Electric Field and Potential Difference</u>
There are several conditions that must be met for a spark to be created into an air gap. Once the physical conditions are fixed, a minimum electric field is necessary for the spark to be initiated. Let s be the separation between the electrodes and V their potential difference. The electric field is
a.)

Solving for V

The separation is

Thus the potential difference is


b.) If the separation was greater, the applied voltage needs to be greater if the electric field has to be constant. One possible measure to keep electrodes as close as possible is to build them as sharp edges. It gives the spark an easier path to travel to.
If the separation is 0.05 inches =0.00127 m


Answer:
a) The work done on the astronaut by the force from the helicopter is
.
b) The work done on the astronaut by the gravitational force is
.
Explanation:
We are told that the mass of the astronaut is
, the displacement is
, the acceleration of the astronaut is
and the acceleration of gravity is
.
We suppose that in the vertical direction the force from the helicopter
is upwards and the gravitational force
is downwards. From the sum of forces we can get the value of
:




We define work as the product of the force, the displacement of the body and the cosine of the angle
between the direction of the force and the displacement of the body:

a) The work done on the astronaut by the force from the helicopter



b) The work done on the astronaut by the gravitational force




The speed of light is the same in all frames of reference, regardless of the frame of reference or how it's moving.