Answer:
Seedless vascular plants are plants that contain vascular tissue, but do not produce flowers or seeds. In seedless vascular plants, such as ferns and horsetails, the plants reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds. The spores are very lightweight (unlike many seeds), which allows for their easy dispersion in the wind and for the plants to spread to new habitats. Although seedless vascular plants have evolved to spread to all types of habitats, they still depend on water during fertilization, as the sperm must swim on a layer of moisture to reach the egg. This step in reproduction explains why ferns and their relatives are more abundant in damp environments, including marshes and rainforests. The life cycle of seedless vascular plants is an alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte alternates with the haploid gametophyte phase. The diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle, while the gametophyte is an inconspicuous, but still-independent, organism. Throughout plant evolution, there is a clear reversal of roles in the dominant phase of the life cycle
Explanation:
Answer:
Calcium voltage gated ion channels
Explanation:
There are two types of ion channels involved in the neuromuscular junction and end plate potentials: voltage-gated ion channel (responsive to changes in membrane voltage which cause the voltage gated ion channel to open) and ligand-gated ion channel (responsive to certain molecules such as neurotransmitters).
The resting membrane potential of a motor neuron goes from -70mV to -50 with a higher concentration of sodium outside and a higher concentration of potassium inside. <em>When an action potential propagates down a nerve and reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron, the change in membrane voltage causes the calcium voltage gated ion channels to open allowing for an influx of calcium ions. </em>These calcium ions cause the acetylcholine vesicles to release acetylcholine via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.
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<span>The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean, where they gradually become sexually mature so they depend on big bodies of water.</span>
<span>The chicken experiment serves to explain how behavioral conditioning may be applied to any species. By identifying an appropriate reward for the subject in question, that subject may be taught any physically possible random behavior. Then, if witnessed, the behavior is able to be learned and mimicked by other members of the same or even different species.</span>
