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mel-nik [20]
3 years ago
6

How can you use models to explain why 3.1 = 3.10

Mathematics
1 answer:
Andrej [43]3 years ago
4 0
3.1 is like a example when it is hiding a zero behind it and you find this when you do a math problem and you don't put zero in front of a number like 100-89 you don't write "011" so that is why it is like that
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hilip Morris wishes to determine if there is a difference between the proportion of women and proportion of men who smoke cigare
murzikaleks [220]

Answer:

We conclude that the proportion of women who smoke cigarettes is smaller than or equal to the proportion of men at 0.01 significance level.

95% confidence interval for the difference in population proportions of women and men who smoke cigarettes is [0.0062 , 0.1298].

Step-by-step explanation:

We are given that random samples of 125 women and 140 men reveal that 13 women and 5 men smoke cigarettes.

<em>Let </em>p_1<em> = population proportion of women who smoke cigarettes</em>

<em />p_2<em> = population proportion of men who smoke cigarettes</em>

So, Null Hypothesis, H_0 : p_1\leq p_2      {means that the proportion of women who smoke cigarettes is smaller than or equal to the proportion of men}

Alternate Hypothesis, H_A : p_1> p_2      {means that the proportion of women who smoke cigarettes is higher than the proportion of men}

The test statistics that will be used here is <u>Two-sample z proportion test</u> <u>statistics</u>;

                               T.S. = \frac{(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-(p_1-p_2)}{\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} }  ~ N(0,1)

where, \hat p_1 = sample proportion of women who smoke cigarettes= \frac{13}{125} =0.104

\hat p_2 = sample proportion of men who smoke cigarettes = \frac{5}{140} = 0.036

n_1 = sample of women = 125

n_2 = sample of men = 140

So, <u><em>the test statistics</em></u>  =  \frac{(0.104-0.036)-(0)}{\sqrt{\frac{0.104(1-0.104)}{125}+ \frac{0.036(1-0.036)}{140}} }

                                     =  2.158

Now, at 0.01 significance level, the z table gives critical value of 2.3263 for right tailed test. Since our test statistics is less than the critical value of z as 2.158 < 2.3263, so we have insufficient evidence to reject our null hypothesis due to which <u>we fail to reject our null hypothesis</u>.

Therefore, we conclude that the proportion of women who smoke cigarettes is smaller than or equal to the proportion of men.

<em>Now, coming to 95% confidence interval;</em>

Firstly, the pivotal quantity for 95% confidence interval for the difference between population proportions is given by;

                    P.Q. =  \frac{(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-(p_1-p_2)}{\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} }  ~ N(0,1)

where, \hat p_1 = sample proportion of women who smoke cigarettes= \frac{13}{125} =0.104

\hat p_2 = sample proportion of men who smoke cigarettes = \frac{5}{140} = 0.036

n_1 = sample of women = 125

n_2 = sample of men = 140

<em>Here for constructing 95% confidence interval we have used Two-sample z proportion statistics.</em>

<u>So, 95% confidence interval for the difference between population proportions, </u>(p_1-p_2)}<u> is ;</u>

P(-1.96 < N(0,1) < 1.96) = 0.95  {As the critical value of z at 2.5% level

                                                    of significance are -1.96 & 1.96}  

P(-1.96 < \frac{(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-(p_1-p_2)}{\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} } < 1.96) = 0.95

P( -1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} } < {(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-(p_1-p_2)} < 1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} } ) = 0.95

P( (\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} } < (p_1-p_2)} < (\hat p_1-\hat p_2)+1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} } ) = 0.95

<u>95% confidence interval for</u> (p_1-p_2)} =

[(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)-1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} },(\hat p_1-\hat p_2)+1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{\hat p_1(1-\hat p_1)}{n_1}+ \frac{\hat p_2(1-\hat p_2)}{n_2}} }]

= [ (0.104-0.036)-1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{0.104(1-0.104)}{125}+ \frac{0.036(1-0.036)}{140}} } , (0.104-0.036)+1.96 \times {\sqrt{\frac{0.104(1-0.104)}{125}+ \frac{0.036(1-0.036)}{140}} } ]

 = [0.0062 , 0.1298]

Therefore, 95% confidence interval for the difference in population proportions of women and men who smoke cigarettes is [0.0062 , 0.1298].

7 0
3 years ago
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