Answer:
c) a firm does not have sufficient time to change the level of use some of its inputs.
Explanation:
The definition of short-run in economics is not a term to be used for a specific certain period of time but it means that the period of time is too short that the firms cannot change the level they are using of some of their inputs or costs. It means they do have fixed costs they cannot change. For example, all machinery installed, a yearly rent paid, electricity or others that the firm cannot change unless there is sufficient time. In a short period of time, it will have those costs anyway. The firm cannot change the level of that input. And it is short run of at least one input. It may be many. But it is not necessary to have all inputs unchanged to consider that period of time as short-run.
However, firms can change level of inputs if they have more time. That is cost the long run. All costs are variable costs when we are in long run.
Manager who subscribe to Theory X believe that people are naturally lazy and uncooperative and therefore must either be rewarded or punished to be made productive to achieve the target.
Theory X and theory y are two theories of human motivation and management created by Douglas McGregor based on the works of Abraham Maslow and demonstrate opposing models of workforce motivation. Theory X works on the assumption that the typical worker is unambitious, selfish, uncooperative and avoids responsibility, unintelligent, lazy, and that their main motivation is a steady income.
Managers who employ these assumptions tend to use a reward/punishment system as a motivator and expect increased efficiency with a hands-on approach. Under this type of management, individuals are more likely to directly receive a negative or positive outcome and are considered to be most effective in a workforce with low-performance motivation. A workplace that involves assembly lines or manual labor is ideal for this managerial style.
You can learn more about theory X at
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Answer:
a non-cooperative game strategy, where participants independently choose their strategy to maximize their payoffs.
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed about Bob, who attended the university football game last week . At the opening kickoff, the crowd stood up. Bob therefore had to stand up as well to see the game. In this case, Bob was participating in a non-cooperative game of strategy, where participants collectively choose their strategy to maximize their joint payoffs. Non-cooperative game strategy can be regarded as the rational ways economic agent relate with each other so that their goals can be achieved. In this game both the available strategies as well as the outcome from various choices will be listed.
Answer:
KJ Pharma Corporation
KJ Pharma's after-tax cost of debt is:
= 4.55%.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Face value of the bond = $100
Annual coupon rate (cost of debt) = 6.5%
Maturity period of bond = 20 years
Tax rate = 30%
After-Tax Cost of Debt = 6.5 (1 - 0.3)
= 4.55%
b) KJ Pharma's after-tax cost of debt is the interest paid on the bond less any income tax savings accounted for as deductible interest expenses. To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, KJ subtracts the company's effective tax rate from 1 and multiplies the difference by its cost of debt.
Raw Materials Inventory $XX Accounts payable
